Capitulating Rajas: why Taliban might not be resisted
My new piece for The Friday Times
South Asian history is a tale of capitulation of local elites before external invaders. Be it the Aryans, the Mongols or East India Company officials, we have always relented, and sometimes quite painlessly. This is an area of history that remains less explored as it conflicts with the grand narratives of ‘resistance’ and nationalist myths we love to construct.
A phrase locked into our cultural memory – Hunooz Dilli Door Ast (Delhi is as yet far away) explains this historical pattern. It has become a metaphor for the insularity of the elites and the powerlessness of the common people. The complacency that Delhi, the capital of the Islamic empire was not accessible to the hordes of invaders, was the tragic reaction by debauched kings, local Rajas and their henchmen who were either men of straw or active collaborators.
Each time the strong centre collapsed, small, autonomous kingdoms emerged and this has been the pattern through every chapter of Indian history since ancient times. During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries Mongol armies clashed with Indian ones on the banks of the rivers Indus, Jhelum and Chenab. It was in the ‘doabas’ of the Punjab that the Mongols practised their fiendish scorched earth policy. Lahore was captured, sacked and burnt numerous times. In 1221, Changez Khan’s forces crossed the Indus in pursuit of Jalaluddin Khwarizm Shah, ravaged vast tracts of the Punjab and sacked Multan and Lahore. Two decades later, in 1241 the Mongols attacked again, and sacked and burnt Lahore.
Twenty-first century Rajas cannot halt the march of the neo-invaders. The medieval nobility’s successors, Pakistan’s rent-seeking bourgeoisie, the mercantile civil-military establishment and a powerless, fed-up public might just cave in
In 1246, 1260 and in subsequent years during the time of Sultan Balban, the Mongols attacked and ravaged the countryside umpteen times. Alauddin Khilji defeated them in 1291 and 1298 and his successor Ghiyazuddin Tughlaq defeated them in 1305. Ghiasuddin Tughlaq who was Governor of Lahore before he became ruler of Delhi in 1320, is said to have fought 29 battles against the Mongols.
The Khilji dynasty declined and collapsed when Delhi was attacked by Taimur Lung (also known as Tamerlane in the West), in 1398. Through these invasions, Punjab and other parts of northern India became wastelands, uninhabitable save for fortified walled cities, which were also service stations for external armies. Taimur invaded the region with the torch of the Islamic faith in hand and enforced the laws of the Quran over Chingiz Khan’s shamanist laws. His invasion of India was in part intended to crush its mostly infidel rulers and to plunder its wealth.
After the fall of the Mughal Empire in the eighteenth century, there was a free-for-all competition among the court’s crafty nobles. Plebian revolts, lawlessness and land-based struggles, not unlike today’s Frontier, also weakened the remnants of the Mughal Empire. Local robber bandits with a redistributive style assumed an alternative position to the state in the public imagination.
History also testifies to the fact that maladministration was an ugly reality in the Delhi of the nineteenth century. In 1757, the Delhi Police Chief was known to protect burglars much like what happens in many parts of India and Pakistan today. Saadat Khan, a noble of Oudh, a precursor of Mir Jafar in Bengal, goaded Nadir Shah to invade Delhi and plunder its riches. Thus another invader found a local ally.
Once Nadir Shah had looted and plundered Delhi, Saadat Khan fell out with Nadir Shah over a sharing of the spoils. His greed not only destroyed Delhi but also his life. Self destruction, at its basest best has been the fate of crafty collaborators.
Public beheadings in Swat of 2009, destruction of schools, clinics, bridges, police stations and civil administration outposts are hardly new tactics. The Mongols did it throughout the middle ages, and Nadir Shah and later Ahmad Shah Abdali also resorted to the same techniques. For example, during Nadir Shah’s 18th century invasion of Delhi, all local uprisings were crushed and Chandni Chowk witnessed a general massacre. Some accounts report that about twenty thousand or even more were killed, and thousands of women were captured.
Later, Ahmed Shah Abdali in 1757 and 1760 was successful in invading and re-enacting the tragedy on Delhi. Before Abdali could succeed, from 1753 to 1757, a civil war led by Safdar Jung and his allies the Jats, plundered old Delhi in those days. As always, the poor were the immediate targets of such violence. Jat Gardi became a menacing term and a living scare in the city. At this time, a young Minister, Imadul Mulk, brought peace to Delhi.
The Emperor, representing the central state, became irrelevant to the power game. A bankrupt King to begin with, he could not even arrange for the salaries of his troops. Soldiers and officials rioted frequently. When Abdali finally arrived in Delhi, the unpopular Imadul Mulk’s troops deserted to the well-organized troops of Abdali, whose invasions led to large scale violence. Corpses floated in the canals and other water reservoirs, and this resulted in the outbreak of cholera in Delhi. Abdali’s soldiers indulged in free-for-all looting.
The decadent elites of the Delhi Sultanate were as insular as those we find in today’s Islamabad and Lahore. Let the jihadis capture FATA and establish emirates there and let their FM Radios blare loud declarations of democracy as ‘kufr’, they say. Now, we have a new emirate that will enforce ‘Shariah’ in the Swat and Malakand divisions after every remnant of the old, crumbling state has been demolished and blown up. The political government terms this a victory, the right wing media has described it as a sagacious move and the mighty Pakistan Army is a silent spectator. The will to resist and fight the imposition of a narrow brand of Islamic theology therefore is ideologically, militarily and politically unchallenged.
Amid the violence of Swat, the octogenarian leader of the Awami National PartyAfzal Khan Lala,has stood his ground. He had the courage to tell the Pakistan Army, the natural successor of the Sultanates and the colonial Empire, that their acquiescence to extremism and terrorism was a blunder.
President Zardari’s credibility has hit such a low that his desperate statement that “The Taliban have captured parts of Pakistan and they are on their way to seize the rest,†has not been taken seriously. Instead he has been rejected as a puppet of evil America. We have been wedded to the false impression that other than the FATA belt, the Taliban’s appeal would not lead to theocratic statehood. Such an erroneous construct has been undone due to the state’s failure to halt the Taliban’s continuous penetration into settled areas of the NWFP.
Today, Pakistan’s security apparatus holds that a few thousand armed Taliban are pitted against the nuclear state. But in Punjab and many parts of Pakistan they have sympathisers, especially in the media that now relays live radio broadcasts of bigotry. It appears that twenty-first century Rajas cannot halt the march of the neo-invaders. The medieval nobility’s successors, Pakistan’s rent-seeking bourgeoisie, the mercantile civil-military establishment and a powerless, fed-up public might just cave in. The entrepreneurs and petit-bourgeoisie are already giving in by burning CD shops, refusing to run barber shops, and the liberal intelligentsia is hiding behind closed doors.
The most dangerous sign of the times is the anti-US rhetoric, appropriated by the extremists, which has confused an exploited citizenry. Key segments of Pakistan’s power-wielders and thinkers are silent, trying to skirt around the issue and naively shrugging off the imminent threat. If anything, sections of the state agencies share this anti-US sentiment; and sadly it appears that there shall be many hosts to the new invaders. In medieval Delhi, Bengal, Oudh and Ranjit Singh’s darbar, capitulation was the name of the game.
The Indus Valley’s mysterious ruins of Harappa and Mohenjodaro testify to the fact that they could not resist invaders. However, the curse of history is neither deterministic nor beyond resistance. If only we were to pay heed to the lessons of history.
Raza Rumi blogs at www.razarumi.com and edits Pak Tea House and Lahore Nama e-zines
The completely capitulating and vacillating role of the classes that hold the reigns of power of the State exasperates the sense of urgency in the face of raging extremist aggression.
What should one do? How can one tackle the extremist aggression? What can one do in to counter the fundamentalism pervasive in the Pakistani society? These questions have no easy answers. But an answer needs to be furnished to do away with the powerlessness that the common men feel.
V
You are so right. This powerlessness is central to the current dilemma. However, the solution as you know lies in the domain of political struggle and providing a political challenge/alternative to the extremist doctrines. alas, the state of ‘civilian’ politics is such and has been manipulated by the state to such a farcical degree that people will soon lose faith in it. The right wing media is on a war path to discredit politicians of all hues and this serves the agenda of the marching hordes very well. They are smiling and marching with a lot of support from within and outside.
It is still not late though..
Your concerns are very, very real indeed.
I agree 100% with you and hope that history does not repeat itself in this instance.
Our military establishment has always pretended to be the last savior of the state. They have shown the utmost ruthlessness against the Balouch movement when it was not really required, saying all along that it was to keep the state intact.
I have always wondered why they don’t have the same views on militants from Sarhad when it’s quiet evident that they are actually a threat to the state’s integrity.
We are not yet at the threshold, but it seems that we are fast approaching a time which Che Guevara would hold to be most suitable, only if…………..
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Hello there. I found your website by means of Google whilst searching for a related subject, your website got here up. It appears great. I’ve bookmarked it in my google bookmarks to visit then.
Hiya, I am really glad I have found this information. Nowadays bloggers publish only about gossip and net stuff and this is actually irritating. A good site with interesting content, that is what I need. Thanks for making this website, and I will be visiting again. Do you do newsletters by email?
Hiya, I am really glad I have found this information. Nowadays bloggers publish just about gossip and net stuff and this is really irritating. A good website with exciting content, that’s what I need. Thank you for making this web site, and I’ll be visiting again. Do you do newsletters by email?
Hiya, I’m really glad I’ve found this information. Nowadays bloggers publish only about gossip and internet stuff and this is actually frustrating. A good blog with interesting content, that’s what I need. Thank you for making this web site, and I will be visiting again. Do you do newsletters by email?
Awesome post. I am a regular visitor of your site and appreciate you taking the time to maintain the excellent site. I’ll be a regular visitor for a really long time.
Hiya, I’m really glad I have found this info. Today bloggers publish just about gossip and net stuff and this is really irritating. A good website with exciting content, this is what I need. Thank you for making this website, and I’ll be visiting again. Do you do newsletters by email?
Hello there. I found your website via Google even as searching for a similar topic, your site came up. It seems to be good. I’ve bookmarked it in my google bookmarks to come back then.
Hi there. I discovered your website by the use of Google even as searching for a similar subject, your website came up. It appears great. I have bookmarked it in my google bookmarks to visit then.
Hello there. I discovered your web site by way of Google at the same time as searching for a similar subject, your site came up. It looks good. I’ve bookmarked it in my google bookmarks to visit then.
Hi there. I discovered your site by means of Google while searching for a similar subject, your web site got here up. It looks good. I’ve bookmarked it in my google bookmarks to come back then.
Hello there. I found your blog via Google at the same time as looking for a comparable subject, your website came up. It looks great. I have bookmarked it in my google bookmarks to visit then.
Hiya, I’m really glad I’ve found this information. Today bloggers publish only about gossip and web stuff and this is actually frustrating. A good blog with exciting content, that is what I need. Thank you for making this site, and I’ll be visiting again. Do you do newsletters by email?
Awesome post. I’m a regular visitor of your blog and appreciate you taking the time to maintain the excellent site. I will be a frequent visitor for a long time.
Awesome post. I am a normal visitor of your site and appreciate you taking the time to maintain the excellent site. I’ll be a frequent visitor for a long time.
Awesome write-up. I am a regular visitor of your website and appreciate you taking the time to maintain the nice site. I’ll be a regular visitor for a long time.
Hey there. I found your site by way of Google whilst searching for a comparable topic, your web site got here up. It seems great. I’ve bookmarked it in my google bookmarks to visit then.
Hiya, I’m really glad I’ve found this info. Nowadays bloggers publish just about gossip and internet stuff and this is actually irritating. A good website with interesting content, this is what I need. Thanks for making this website, and I will be visiting again. Do you do newsletters by email?
Awesome post. I’m a regular visitor of your website and appreciate you taking the time to maintain the nice site. I’ll be a regular visitor for a really long time.
Awesome write-up. I am a normal visitor of your site and appreciate you taking the time to maintain the nice site. I’ll be a regular visitor for a long time.
Awesome write-up. I’m a normal visitor of your blog and appreciate you taking the time to maintain the excellent site. I’ll be a regular visitor for a long time.
Hello there. I found your web site by the use of Google while looking for a comparable topic, your web site came up. It looks great. I have bookmarked it in my google bookmarks to visit then.
Hiya, I am really glad I’ve found this info. Today bloggers publish only about gossip and web stuff and this is actually frustrating. A good blog with exciting content, this is what I need. Thanks for making this web-site, and I will be visiting again. Do you do newsletters by email?
Hi there. I discovered your blog by means of Google even as searching for a similar subject, your site got here up. It looks great. I have bookmarked it in my google bookmarks to come back then.
Awesome write-up. I am a regular visitor of your website and appreciate you taking the time to maintain the nice site. I’ll be a frequent visitor for a really long time.
I love your blog.. very nice colors & theme. Did you make this website yourself or did you hire someone to do it for you? Plz respond as I’m looking to create my own blog and would like to find out where u got this from. appreciate it
Awesome write-up. I’m a normal visitor of your web site and appreciate you taking the time to maintain the nice site. I will be a regular visitor for a long time.
Hiya, I’m really glad I’ve found this info. Nowadays bloggers publish only about gossip and web stuff and this is actually annoying. A good blog with exciting content, this is what I need. Thank you for making this web site, and I will be visiting again. Do you do newsletters by email?
Hi there. I discovered your web site via Google whilst looking for a comparable matter, your web site got here up. It appears good. I’ve bookmarked it in my google bookmarks to visit then.
Hey there. I discovered your site by the use of Google whilst searching for a related topic, your website came up. It appears great. I have bookmarked it in my google bookmarks to come back then.
Hiya, I’m really glad I’ve found this info. Today bloggers publish only about gossip and web stuff and this is actually frustrating. A good website with interesting content, this is what I need. Thanks for making this website, and I’ll be visiting again. Do you do newsletters by email?
Hey there. I found your blog by way of Google at the same time as looking for a related subject, your website came up. It seems to be good. I have bookmarked it in my google bookmarks to come back then.
Hi there. I discovered your site by way of Google even as looking for a related subject, your web site came up. It seems to be good. I’ve bookmarked it in my google bookmarks to come back then.
There are some fascinating points in time in this article but I don’t know if I see all of them heart to heart. There’s some validity however I will take hold opinion until I look into it further. Good article , thanks and we want more! Added to FeedBurner as nicely
Hey there. I found your site by the use of Google at the same time as looking for a comparable subject, your site came up. It appears good. I’ve bookmarked it in my google bookmarks to visit then.
Hi there. I found your web site by way of Google even as searching for a related matter, your website got here up. It appears good. I’ve bookmarked it in my google bookmarks to visit then.
Awesome write-up. I am a normal visitor of your site and appreciate you taking the time to maintain the excellent site. I will be a regular visitor for a really long time.
Hey there. I found your blog by means of Google while searching for a similar matter, your website got here up. It appears great. I’ve bookmarked it in my google bookmarks to visit then.
Hey there. I found your website by means of Google at the same time as looking for a similar matter, your web site came up. It seems to be good. I have bookmarked it in my google bookmarks to visit then.
Awesome post. I am a normal visitor of your site and appreciate you taking the time to maintain the nice site. I’ll be a frequent visitor for a really long time.
Hiya, I am really glad I’ve found this info. Nowadays bloggers publish just about gossip and internet stuff and this is really annoying. A good website with interesting content, that is what I need. Thank you for making this web-site, and I’ll be visiting again. Do you do newsletters by email?
Hey there. I found your web site by means of Google whilst searching for a similar topic, your site got here up. It looks good. I’ve bookmarked it in my google bookmarks to visit then.
Hiya, I am really glad I have found this information. Nowadays bloggers publish just about gossip and web stuff and this is really frustrating. A good blog with exciting content, this is what I need. Thanks for making this website, and I’ll be visiting again. Do you do newsletters by email?
Hey there. I discovered your website by way of Google while looking for a related matter, your web site got here up. It seems to be great. I’ve bookmarked it in my google bookmarks to come back then.
Hello there. I discovered your blog by way of Google while looking for a related subject, your site came up. It looks great. I have bookmarked it in my google bookmarks to visit then.
Hiya, I am really glad I’ve found this info. Today bloggers publish just about gossip and internet stuff and this is actually irritating. A good web site with exciting content, that is what I need. Thank you for making this web-site, and I will be visiting again. Do you do newsletters by email?
Hiya, I am really glad I’ve found this info. Nowadays bloggers publish just about gossip and internet stuff and this is actually frustrating. A good website with exciting content, this is what I need. Thanks for making this site, and I will be visiting again. Do you do newsletters by email?
Awesome post. I’m a normal visitor of your web site and appreciate you taking the time to maintain the nice site. I will be a frequent visitor for a long time.
Hey there. I discovered your website by means of Google whilst looking for a similar topic, your site got here up. It seems to be good. I have bookmarked it in my google bookmarks to come back then.
Awesome post. I’m a regular visitor of your blog and appreciate you taking the time to maintain the excellent site. I will be a regular visitor for a really long time.
Awesome post. I’m a normal visitor of your blog and appreciate you taking the time to maintain the nice site. I will be a frequent visitor for a really long time.
Awesome write-up. I am a normal visitor of your web site and appreciate you taking the time to maintain the excellent site. I will be a frequent visitor for a long time.
Hiya, I’m really glad I have found this info. Nowadays bloggers publish just about gossip and net stuff and this is really annoying. A good website with exciting content, this is what I need. Thank you for making this web-site, and I will be visiting again. Do you do newsletters by email?
Hiya, I’m really glad I have found this info. Today bloggers publish just about gossip and web stuff and this is actually irritating. A good blog with exciting content, that’s what I need. Thanks for making this web site, and I will be visiting again. Do you do newsletters by email?
Awesome write-up. I am a regular visitor of your web site and appreciate you taking the time to maintain the nice site. I will be a frequent visitor for a really long time.
Hiya, I am really glad I’ve found this information. Today bloggers publish only about gossip and internet stuff and this is really frustrating. A good site with interesting content, this is what I need. Thank you for making this web-site, and I’ll be visiting again. Do you do newsletters by email?
Hiya, I am really glad I’ve found this information. Today bloggers publish just about gossip and web stuff and this is really annoying. A good blog with exciting content, this is what I need. Thank you for making this site, and I’ll be visiting again. Do you do newsletters by email?
Awesome write-up. I’m a normal visitor of your blog and appreciate you taking the time to maintain the excellent site. I’ll be a regular visitor for a long time.
Hiya, I am really glad I’ve found this info. Nowadays bloggers publish only about gossip and web stuff and this is really annoying. A good web site with interesting content, that is what I need. Thanks for making this website, and I will be visiting again. Do you do newsletters by email?
Awesome write-up. I am a regular visitor of your blog and appreciate you taking the time to maintain the excellent site. I’ll be a regular visitor for a long time.
Hey there. I found your web site by the use of Google at the same time as searching for a comparable subject, your web site came up. It seems great. I have bookmarked it in my google bookmarks to come back then.
Hi there. I found your site via Google whilst looking for a similar subject, your site got here up. It seems to be good. I’ve bookmarked it in my google bookmarks to come back then.
Hey there. I found your web site by way of Google whilst searching for a similar subject, your site came up. It seems good. I have bookmarked it in my google bookmarks to come back then.
Hey there. I found your site via Google whilst searching for a related subject, your website came up. It seems good. I’ve bookmarked it in my google bookmarks to visit then.
Hiya, I am really glad I have found this information. Nowadays bloggers publish only about gossip and internet stuff and this is really annoying. A good web site with exciting content, this is what I need. Thank you for making this website, and I will be visiting again. Do you do newsletters by email?
Hello there. I found your site by way of Google while looking for a related topic, your website got here up. It appears good. I’ve bookmarked it in my google bookmarks to visit then.
Hey there. I found your site by the use of Google while looking for a similar subject, your website got here up. It appears to be great. I’ve bookmarked it in my google bookmarks to come back then.
Awesome write-up. I am a regular visitor of your web site and appreciate you taking the time to maintain the excellent site. I will be a frequent visitor for a really long time.
Hiya, I’m really glad I have found this information. Today bloggers publish just about gossip and internet stuff and this is really frustrating. A good blog with interesting content, that is what I need. Thank you for making this website, and I will be visiting again. Do you do newsletters by email?
Hey there. I discovered your site by means of Google while searching for a similar matter, your web site came up. It seems great. I’ve bookmarked it in my google bookmarks to visit then.
Hiya, I am really glad I have found this info. Today bloggers publish only about gossip and web stuff and this is actually irritating. A good website with exciting content, that is what I need. Thanks for making this web-site, and I will be visiting again. Do you do newsletters by email?
Hiya, I am really glad I’ve found this info. Nowadays bloggers publish only about gossip and internet stuff and this is actually irritating. A good blog with interesting content, this is what I need. Thanks for making this web site, and I will be visiting again. Do you do newsletters by email?
Hiya, I am really glad I’ve found this information. Nowadays bloggers publish just about gossip and web stuff and this is actually annoying. A good website with interesting content, this is what I need. Thank you for making this web-site, and I’ll be visiting again. Do you do newsletters by email?
Hiya, I am really glad I have found this information. Nowadays bloggers publish only about gossip and net stuff and this is actually irritating. A good website with interesting content, that is what I need. Thank you for making this web site, and I’ll be visiting again. Do you do newsletters by email?
Hi there. I discovered your blog via Google at the same time as looking for a similar topic, your website got here up. It seems to be great. I have bookmarked it in my google bookmarks to come back then.
Awesome write-up. I’m a regular visitor of your web site and appreciate you taking the time to maintain the nice site. I’ll be a frequent visitor for a really long time.
Awesome write-up. I am a regular visitor of your site and appreciate you taking the time to maintain the excellent site. I’ll be a regular visitor for a long time.
Hi there. I discovered your blog by means of Google whilst searching for a related matter, your website got here up. It seems good. I’ve bookmarked it in my google bookmarks to visit then.
Hello there. I discovered your blog by means of Google while searching for a related subject, your website got here up. It appears good. I have bookmarked it in my google bookmarks to come back then.